In Vitro Evaluation of α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory, and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extracts from Five Indonesian Indigenous Vegetables: A Multivariate and Correlation Approach / Evaluasi Aktivitas Penghambatan α-Amilase, α-Glukosidase, dan Aktivitas Antioksidan secara In Vitro dari Ekstrak Etanol Lima Sayuran Indonesia: Pendekatan Multivariat dan Korelasi

Postprandial hyperglycemia and its associated oxidative stress are recognized as pivotal pathological hallmarks driving the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its vascular complications. This study aims to evaluate and comparatively analyze the in vitro α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, alongside the free radical scavenging capacities, of ethanolic extracts derived from five widely consumed fresh vegetables in Indonesia: Carica papaya, Momordica charantia, Gigantochloa atter, Diplazium esculentum, and Luffa acutangula. Bioactivity assays were conducted utilizing starch-iodine, p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methodologies. The experimental findings demonstrated that D. esculentum extract exhibited the most pronounced dual-inhibitory efficacy against α-amylase (IC50 138.50 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 38.20 µg/mL). Furthermore, D. esculentum and C. papaya extracts demonstrated strong antioxidant capacities among all evaluated samples. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation analyses confirmed a strong positive correlation between free radical scavenging capacity and carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme inhibition. In conclusion, D. esculentum emerges as a premier functional vegetable candidate, exhibiting remarkable dual-action therapeutic properties for the attenuation of postprandial hyperglycemia and mitigation of oxidative stress.

Hiperglikemia postprandial dan stres oksidatif yang menyertainya diakui sebagai patofisiologi krusial yang memicu progresivitas diabetes melitus tipe 2 beserta komplikasi vaskularnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi dan membandingkan aktivitas penghambatan enzim α-amilase, α-glukosidase secara in vitro, beserta kapasitas penangkapan radikal bebas, dari ekstrak etanol lima jenis sayuran segar yang umum dikonsumsi di Indonesia: pucuk daun pepaya (Carica papaya), buah pare (Momordica charantia), rebung (Gigantochloa atter), daun, batang muda pakis (Diplazium esculentum), dan buah oyong (Luffa acutangula) Pengujian bioaktivitas dilakukan menggunakan metode kompleks pati-iodin, p-nitrofenil-α-D-glukopiranosida, dan 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Hasil eksperimental menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak D. esculentum (pucuk pakis) memperlihatkan efikasi penghambatan ganda paling baik terhadap α-amilase (IC50 138.50 µg/mL) dan α-glukosidase (IC50 38.20 µg/mL). Selain itu, ekstrak D. esculentum dan C. papaya menunjukkan kapasitas antioksidan lebih baik di antara seluruh sampel yang diuji. Analisis Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dan Pearson correlation mengonfirmasi adanya sinergi positif yang signifikan antara kapasitas reduksi radikal bebas dan inhibisi enzim pencernaan karbohidrat. Kesimpulannya, D. esculentum teridentifikasi sebagai kandidat sayuran fungsional utama yang memiliki properti terapeutik aksi ganda yang baik untuk meredam hiperglikemia postprandial dan menekan stres oksidatif.