Antibacterial efficacy of 70% ethanolic extract of kepok banana leaves (Musa Paradisiaca Linn) against Staphylococcus aureus: implications for natural antimicrobial development / Efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol 70% daun pisang kepok (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus: implikasi untuk pengembangan antimikroba alami

Bacterial infections remain a health problem, especially in tropical countries such as Indonesia. The increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistance has resulted in the need for the development of alternative antibacterial agents based on natural resources. Kepok banana leaves (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) contain secondary metabolites that may possess antibacterial activity. This study aimed to determine the secondary-metabolite groups and antibacterial activity of a 70% ethanolic extract of kepok banana leaves (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) against Staphylococcus aureus. The study included plant identification, phytochemical screening, heavy metal analysis for Pb and Cd, extraction by maceration using 70% ethanol, and antibacterial activity testing using the disk diffusion method. The antibacterial test was performed using extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, with three replications for each treatment. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins in the ethanolic extract of kepok banana leaves. Pb and Cd were not detected in the extract under the conditions of the analysis. The extract inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus at all tested concentrations, with inhibition zones categorized as strong, and the inhibition zone increased with increasing extract concentration. These findings indicate that the 70% ethanolic extract of kepok banana leaves has potential as a source of natural antibacterial compounds against Staphylococcus aureus. The observed activity may be associated with the secondary metabolites detected in the extract; however, their individual contributions and possible interactions were not directly investigated.

Infeksi bakteri masih menjadi masalah kesehatan, terutama di negara-negara tropis seperti Indonesia. Meningkatnya kejadian resistensi antibiotik telah mendorong kebutuhan untuk mengembangkan agen antibakteri alternatif berbasis sumber daya alam. Daun pisang kepok (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) mengandung metabolit sekunder yang berpotensi memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelompok metabolit sekunder dan aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol 70% daun pisang kepok (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Penelitian meliputi identifikasi tanaman, skrining fitokimia, analisis logam berat Pb dan Cd, ekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 70%, dan pengujian aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi cakram. Uji antibakteri dilakukan menggunakan konsentrasi ekstrak 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, dan 25%, dengan tiga replikasi untuk setiap perlakuan. Hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan adanya flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, terpenoid, dan tanin dalam ekstrak etanol daun pisang kepok. Pb dan Cd tidak terdeteksi dalam ekstrak berdasarkan kondisi analisis yang digunakan. Ekstrak mampu menghambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus pada seluruh konsentrasi yang diuji dengan kategori zona hambat kuat, dan diameter zona hambat meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 70% daun pisang kepok berpotensi menjadi sumber senyawa antibakteri alami terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Aktivitas tersebut diduga berkaitan dengan metabolit sekunder yang terdeteksi dalam ekstrak, meskipun kontribusi dan kemungkinan interaksi masing-masing senyawa belum dianalisis secara langsung.