Quantitative Analysis of Antibiotic Use in Acute Respiratory Tract Infection Patients Using ATC/DDD and DU90% Methods at Bulango Health Center, Bone Bolango Regency, January–December 2025 / Analisis Kuantitatif Penggunaan Antibiotik pada Pasien Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut Menggunakan Metode ATC/DDD dan DU90% di Puskesmas Bulango Kabupaten Bone Bolango Periode Januari–Desember 2025

settings and a major driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aimed to evaluate the quantitative pattern of antibiotic use in ARTI patients at Bulango Health Center, Bone Bolango Regency, during January–December 2025, using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) and Drug Utilization 90% (DU90%) methods. A descriptive observational retrospective study was conducted on 179 samples using the ATC/DDD and DU90% methods. Five antibiotics were identified: cefadroxil (J01DB05), amoxicillin (J01CA04), cotrimoxazole (J01EE01), ciprofloxacin (J01MA02), and metronidazole (P01AB01). Total antibiotic consumption was 356.7 DDD. Cefadroxil had the highest consumption at 210.9 DDD (3.23 DDD/1000 patient-days; 59.13%), followed by amoxicillin at 132.2 DDD (2.02 DDD/1000 patient-days; 37.06%). DU90% analysis identified cefadroxil and amoxicillin as the antibiotics within the DU90% segment, with a cumulative percentage of 96.2%. Cefadroxil dominance over amoxicillin is inconsistent with national therapeutic guidelines recommending amoxicillin as first-line therapy for ARTI. These findings emphasize the need for an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) at the primary health care level

Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) merupakan penyebab utama peresepan antibiotik di pelayanan kesehatan primer dan kontributor utama resistensi antimikroba global. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pola penggunaan antibiotik secara kuantitatif pada pasien ISPA di Puskesmas Bulango Kabupaten Bone Bolango periode Januari–Desember 2025 menggunakan metode Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) dan Drug Utilization 90% (DU90%). Penelitian deskriptif observasional retrospektif dilakukan pada 179 sampel menggunakan metode ATC/DDD dan DU90%. Teridentifikasi lima jenis antibiotik: sefadroksil (J01DB05), amoksisilin (J01CA04), kotrimoksazol (J01EE01), siprofloksasin (J01MA02), dan metronidazol (P01AB01). Total konsumsi antibiotik adalah 356,7 DDD. Sefadroksil memiliki konsumsi tertinggi sebesar 210,9 DDD (3,23 DDD/1000 patient-days; 59,13%), diikuti amoksisilin 132,2 DDD (2,02 DDD/1000 patient-days; 37,06%). Analisis DU90% mengidentifikasi sefadroksil dan amoksisilin sebagai antibiotik dalam segmen DU90% dengan persentase kumulatif 96,2%. Dominasi sefadroksil tidak sesuai pedoman nasional yang merekomendasikan amoksisilin sebagai lini pertama ISPA. Temuan ini menegaskan perlunya penerapan program Penatagunaan Antibiotik di tingkat pelayanan kesehatan primer