Nephroprotective Effectiveness Test of Coffee Fruit Extract (Coffea arabica L.) Against Histopathological Features and Inflammatory Markers in Gentamicin-Induced Mice / Uji Efektivitas Nefroprotektive Ekstrak Buah Kopi (Coffea arabica L.) Terhadap Gambaran Histopatologi dan Penanda Inflamsi Pada Tikus Yang Diinduksi Gentamisin

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used in the treatment of severe bacterial infections; however, its clinical application is limited due to nephrotoxic effects. Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity is closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, which contribute to tubular damage and renal dysfunction. Coffee fruit (Coffea arabica L.) contains various bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and may provide renal protection. This study aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective effectiveness of coffee fruit extract against gentamicin-induced kidney injury in rats based on histopathological features and inflammatory markers. This experimental in vivo study used male Wistar rats divided into five groups: normal control, gentamicin control, and gentamicin combined with coffee fruit extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight. Gentamicin was administered intraperitoneally to induce nephrotoxicity, while the extract was given orally for 14 days. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and kidney tissues were examined histopathologically using hematoxylin–eosin staining. The results showed that gentamicin significantly increased serum IL-6 levels and caused moderate renal histopathological damage. Administration of coffee fruit extract significantly reduced IL-6 levels at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (p<0.05) and improved renal histopathological features in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dose showing the most pronounced protective effect. In conclusion, coffee fruit extract demonstrates nephroprotective potential against gentamicin-induced renal injury by reducing inflammatory responses and improving kidney histopathology.

Gentamisin merupakan antibiotik golongan aminoglikosida yang banyak digunakan dalam pengobatan infeksi bakteri berat, namun penggunaannya dibatasi oleh efek nefrotoksik. Nefrotoksisitas gentamisin berkaitan erat dengan peningkatan stres oksidatif dan respons inflamasi yang berkontribusi terhadap kerusakan tubulus ginjal dan gangguan fungsi ginjal. Buah kopi (Coffea arabica L.) mengandung berbagai senyawa bioaktif, seperti fenolik, flavonoid, dan polifenol, yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan antiinflamasi sehingga berpotensi memberikan efek perlindungan terhadap ginjal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas nefroprotektif ekstrak buah kopi terhadap kerusakan ginjal akibat induksi gentamisin berdasarkan gambaran histopatologi dan penanda inflamasi. Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental in vivo menggunakan tikus Wistar jantan yang dibagi ke dalam lima kelompok, yaitu kontrol normal, kontrol gentamisin, serta kelompok perlakuan gentamisin yang dikombinasikan dengan ekstrak buah kopi dosis 100, 200, dan 400 mg/kgBB. Gentamisin diberikan secara intraperitoneal untuk menginduksi nefrotoksisitas, sedangkan ekstrak buah kopi diberikan secara oral selama 14 hari. Kadar interleukin-6 (IL-6) serum diukur menggunakan metode enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, dan jaringan ginjal dianalisis secara histopatologi dengan pewarnaan hematoksilin–eosin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa induksi gentamisin secara signifikan meningkatkan kadar IL-6 serum dan menyebabkan kerusakan histopatologi ginjal derajat sedang. Pemberian ekstrak buah kopi secara signifikan menurunkan kadar IL-6 pada dosis 200 dan 400 mg/kgBB (p<0,05) serta memperbaiki gambaran histopatologi ginjal secara dosis-respon, dengan efek paling optimal pada dosis tertinggi.