Anti-Dandruff Dilute Emulsion of Ylang-Ylang Flower Extract (Cananga odorata): Effect of Increasing Extract Concentration on Physicochemical Properties and Effectiveness Against Malassezia furfur / Sediaan Antiketombe Emulsi Encer Ekstrak Bunga Kenanga (Cananga odorata): Pengaruh Peningkatan Konsentrasi Ekstrak Terhadap Sifat Fisikokimia dan Efektivitasnya Terhadap Malassezia furfur

Background: Dandruff is a common scalp disorder affecting approximately 50% of the global population. Dandruff treatment generally relies on chemical-based shampoos, which may cause adverse effects with long-term use. Therefore, natural-based alternatives are needed. Ylang-ylang flower (Cananga odorata) extract contains flavonoids and saponins with potential antifungal activity. To develop an effective, stable, safe, and user-friendly natural anti-dandruff product, evaluation of its physicochemical properties and antifungal efficacy is required. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing concentrations of ylang-ylang flower extract on the physicochemical properties of an anti-dandruff dilute emulsion and its inhibitory activity against Malassezia furfur. Methods: ylang-ylang flowers were extracted by maceration using ethanol as a solvent at a 1:5 ratio. The extract was formulated into four formulations with concentrations of F1 (10%), F2 (15%), F3 (20%), and F4 (25%), along with a formulation without extract (F0) as a control. Physicochemical evaluations included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, and pH value, while antifungal activity was assessed using the microdilution method. The pH value data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA while the freeze-thaw data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the addition of ylang-ylang flower extract significantly improved the pH stability of the formulation compared to the control (F0) (p < 0.05). The irritation test indicated that all formulations did not cause irritation in volunteers. The microdilution assay revealed that the MIC of the extract was 390.625 µg/mL, while the MIC values of the formulations containing the extract at different concentrations were 312.5 µg/mL (F1), 468.75 µg/mL (F2), 312.5 µg/mL (F3), and 390.625 µg/mL (F4). These values were higher than that of ketoconazole, which exhibited an MIC of 0.058 µg/mL. Conclusion: Increasing concentrations of ylang-ylang flower extract significantly affected the physicochemical properties of the formulation by improving pH stability and demonstrated good antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur.

Latar Belakang: Ketombe merupakan masalah kulit kepala yang umum, memengaruhi sekitar 50% populasi dunia. Pengobatan ketombe umumnya menggunakan sampo berbahan kimia, namun penggunaan jangka panjang dapat menimbulkan efek samping. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan alternatif berbahan alami, salah satunya ekstrak bunga kenanga (Cananga odorata) yang mengandung flavonoid dan saponin dengan potensi antijamur. Untuk menghasilkan produk antiketombe alami yang efektif, stabil, aman, dan nyaman digunakan, perlu dilakukan evaluasi sifat fisikokimia serta efektivitasnya. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi pengaruh peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak bunga kenanga terhadap sifat fisikokimia sediaan antiketombe emulsi encer dan aktivitas penghambatan terhadap pertumbuhan Malassezia furfur. Metode: Ekstraksi bunga kenanga dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol pada perbandingan 1:5. Ekstrak diformulasikan ke dalam empat formula dengan konsentrasi F1 (10%), F2 (15%), F3 (20%), dan F4 (25%), serta satu formula tanpa ekstrak (F0) sebagai kontrol. Evaluasi sifat fisikokimia meliputi organoleptis, homogenitas dan nilai pH, sedangkan aktivitas antijamur diuji menggunakan metode mikrodilusi. Data pH dianalisis dengan one-way ANOVA sedangkan freeze–thaw dianalisis menggunakan two-way ANOVA. Hasil: Penambahan ekstrak bunga kenanga meningkatkan stabilitas pH sediaan secara signifikan dibandingkan kontrol (F0) berdasarkan analisis statistik, (p<0,05). Uji iritasi menunjukkan seluruh formula tidak menimbulkan iritasi pada sukarelawan. Uji mikrodilusi menunjukkan KHM ekstrak sebesar 390,625 µg/mL dan sediaan mengandung ekstrak pada variasi konsentrasi F1 sebesar 312,5 µg/mL, F2 sebesar 468,75 µg/mL, F3 sebesar 312,5 µg/mL, dan F4 sebesar 390,625 µg/mL. dibandingkan dengan ketokonazol dengan KHM 0,058 µg/mL. Kesimpulan: Peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak bunga kenanga memengaruhi sifat fisikokimia sediaan dengan pH yang lebih stabil serta menunjukkan aktivitas antijamur yang baik terhadap Malassezia furfur.