Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration of Extract and Nanoparticles of Ethanol Extract of Golden Trumpet Leaves (Allamanda cathartica L.) Against Malassezia furfur / Konsentrasi Inhibitori Minimum dan Konsentrasi Fungisidal Minimum Ekstrak dan Nanopartikel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Terompet Emas (Allamanda cathartica L.) terhadap Malassezia furfur

Background: Fungal skin infections such as pityriasis versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur remain a common health problem in tropical regions. Limitations of conventional antifungal therapy have encouraged the development of alternative agents derived from natural products. Golden trumpet leaves (Allamanda cathartica L.) contain flavonoids and iridoids with potential antifungal activity, and nanoparticle formulations are being developed to enhance the extracts’ effectiveness. Objective: To evaluate the improvement of antifungal efficacy of the nanoparticle formulation of the ethanolic extract of golden trumpet leaves against Malassezia furfur by comparing the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC), and inhibition zone diameter with the conventional extract. Methods: This experimental study employed a posttest-only control group design. Treatment groups included ethanolic extract (6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%) and nanoparticle extract (0.625%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%). Nanoparticles were prepared using a high-pressure homogenizer and characterized with a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). MIC and MFC were determined using the broth dilution method, while antifungal activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at a 95% confidence level. Results: Nanoparticle characterization revealed a particle size of 367.51 nm. The MIC values for the extract and nanoparticles were 12.5% and 1.25%, respectively, while the MFC values were 50% and 5%, respectively. The highest inhibition zones for the extract and nanoparticles were 21.1 mm (50%) and 20.3 mm (5%), respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in inhibition zone diameters across concentrations for both extract forms. Conclusion: The nanoparticle formulation of the ethanolic extract of golden trumpet leaves significantly enhances antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur, demonstrating equivalent inhibitory effects at concentrations ten times lower than the conventional extract. These findings indicate the potential of nanoparticle-based formulations as promising antifungal candidates.

Latar Belakang: Infeksi jamur kulit seperti pityriasis versicolor yang disebabkan oleh Malassezia furfur masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di negara-negara tropis. Keterbatasan terapi antijamur konvensional mendorong pengembangan alternatif dari bahan alam. Daun terompet emas (Allamanda cathartica L.) mengandung flavonoid dan iridoid yang berpotensi sebagai antijamur, dan formulasi nanopartikel dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas ekstrak. Tujuan: Menganalisis peningkatan efektivitas antijamur formulasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol daun terompet emas terhadap Malassezia furfur dengan membandingkan nilai Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM), Konsentrasi Fungisida Minimum (KFM), dan diameter zona hambat dengan ekstrak konvensional. Metode: Penelitian eksperimental dengan desain post-test only control group. Kelompok perlakuan terdiri atas ekstrak etanol (6,25%; 12,5%; 25%; 50%) dan nanopartikel ekstrak (0,625%; 1,25%; 2,5%; 5%). Nanopartikel dibuat dengan metode high pressure homogenizer dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). KHM dan KFM ditentukan dengan metode dilusi cair, sedangkan aktivitas antijamur diuji dengan metode difusi cakram. Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA satu arah pada taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil: Karakterisasi nanopartikel menunjukkan ukuran partikel 367,51 nm. Nilai KHM ekstrak dan nanopartikel masing-masing 12,5% dan 1,25%, sedangkan nilai KFM 50% dan 5%. Zona hambat tertinggi ekstrak dan nanopartikel masing-masing 21,1 mm (50%) dan 20,3 mm (5%). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p < 0,05) diameter zona hambat pada berbagai konsentrasi, baik pada ekstrak maupun nanopartikel. Kesimpulan: Formulasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol daun terompet emas meningkatkan efektivitas antijamur terhadap Malassezia furfur dengan kemampuan penghambatan yang setara pada konsentrasi sepuluh kali lebih rendah dibandingkan ekstrak konvensional. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel ekstrak daun terompet emas berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai kandidat sediaan antijamur.